Student Exploration Plate Tectonics Answer Key

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Flickr Creative Commons Images. Name: Date: Student Exploration: Plate Tectonics Vocabulary: collision boundary, convergent boundary, crust, divergent boundary, earthquake, lithosphere, mantle, plate, plate tectonics, transform. As rifting and volcanic activity progress, the continental lithosphere becomes more mafic (see Chapter 4) and thinner, with the eventual result transforming the plate under the rifting area into the oceanic lithosphere. Student exploration plate tectonics answer key.com. In turn, the higher mantle material beneath the subducted slab gets dragged upward by this movement of the crust, causing the entire Earth's surface to rise and fall by 6 centimeters per year. J. Tuzo Wilson was the first scientist to put the entire picture together by proposing the opening and closing of the ocean basins. Continental rift zones occur in weak spots in the continental lithospheric plate.

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Several independent research groups recognized earthquake epicenters traced the shapes of oceanic plates sinking into the mantle. The theory of plate tectonics attributes the movement of massive sections of the Earth's outer layers with creating earthquakes, mountains, and volcanoes. Tensional forces created by this convective upwelling begin to pull the weakened plate apart. Earthquakes and volcanoes form at the boundaries where the plates interact, with the exception of volcanic hotspots, which are not caused by plate movement. Other types of faults—normal and reverse —tend to be more destructive, obscuring or destroying these features. Gizmos Student Exploration: Plate Tectonics $10. Earthquake | Definition, Causes, Effects, & Facts | Britannica. There also are striking connected belts of seismic activity, mainly along oceanic ridges—including those in the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the western Indian Ocean—and along the rift valleys of East Africa. Activity C: Oceanic Crust Meets Continental Crust. Locate: Turn on Show location.

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Stern, R. J., 2004, Subduction initiation: spontaneous and induced: Earth Planet. A., editor, Fiftieth anniversary symposia: Mineralogy and petrology of the Upper Mantle; Sulfides; Mineralogy and geochemistry of non-marine evaporites: Washington, DC, Mineralogical Society of America, p. 3–32. Turn on Show labels. Student exploration plate tectonics answer key biology. Explore plate boundaries such as transform, divergent, and two types of convergent. Earthquakes associated with this type of energy release are called tectonic earthquakes. Active margins are places where the oceanic and continental lithospheric tectonic plates meet and move relative to each other, such as the western coasts of North and South America.

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The crust is the portion of Earth's surface that is composed of solid materials; it contains all the material of Earth that will eventually form solid rocks. The dual spines of the Andes Mountain range include an example of compressional thrust faulting. In very rare cases, part of a continental plate may become trapped beneath a descending oceanic plate in a process called obduction. Identify convergent boundaries, including subduction and collisions, as places where plates come together. What is the shape of the crust? 1130/0016-7606(1949)60[1527:NAHATM]2. ;2. Vast portions of California are comprised of accreted terranes. An earthquake is a violent shaking of Earth's surface. These continental divergent boundaries may be less symmetrical than their mid-ocean ridge counterparts. Question: What happens when plates slide past one another? Student exploration plate tectonics answer key lime. Flat-slab, or shallow, subduction caused the Laramide Orogeny. 1959–1982., doi: 10. A failed rift arm is still a weak spot in the continental plate; even without the presence of active extension faults, it may develop into a called an aulacogen. The prevailing mechanism has hotspots starting in divergent boundaries during supercontinent rifting.

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The alternating magnetic reversals in the rocks reflect the periodic swapping of the earth's magnetic north and south poles. Study the production and use of gases by plants and animals. Fragments of continental material, including microcontinents, riding atop the subducting plate may become sutured to the accretionary wedge and accumulate into a large area of land called a terrane. Because of this, scientists hypothesize most of the mantle is made of peridotite. Video of the origin of the San Andreas fault. However, it was not until 1977, when scientists piloting a deep submergence vehicle, the Alvin, discovered a thriving community of organisms clustered around these hydrothermal vents. His knack for questioning accepted ideas started in 1910 when he disagreed with the explanation that the Bering Land Bridge was formed by isostasy, and that similar land bridges once connected the continents. Explore the processes of photosynthesis and respiration that occur within plant and animal cells. Introduction & Top Questions. The land bridges eventually eroded away, leaving the continents permanently separated. Very great earthquakes occur on average about once per year.

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Engdahl, E. R., Flynn, E. A., and Masse, R. P., 1974, Differential PkiKP travel times and the radius of the core: Geophysical J Royal Astro Soc, v. 40, p. 457–463. What was a previous earthquake recorded in the area? While he did not have the precise mechanism worked out, his hypothesis was backed up by a long list of evidence. 1029/JB073i006p01959.

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As mentioned in the section on paleomagnetism and the development of plate tectonic theory, scientists noticed mid-ocean ridges contained unique magnetic anomalies that show up as symmetrical striping on both sides of the ridge. The lithosphere is not continuous. The crust is made up of several major types of rock (called lithospheres) of varying sizes, and there are several major geologic processes that can affect the crust. Rocks found near ridges are younger than those found far away from any ridges. By the 1960s, scientists had amassed enough evidence to support the missing mechanism—namely, seafloor spreading—for Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift to be accepted as the theory of plate tectonics. It has been suggested the Yellowstone hotspot is connected to the much older Columbia River flood basalts and even to the 70 million-year-old volcanism found in the Yukon region of Canada. Subduction occurs when a dense oceanic plate meets a more buoyant plate, like a continental plate or warmer/younger oceanic plate, and descends into the mantle. The land on the left side of the boundary moves backwards. Using the soccer ball model, rifting tends to lengthen and expand along a particular seam while fizzling out in the other directions. 1130/0091-7613(1981)9<25:MCOEDA>2. Describe in at least one sentence what would happen if the earth's plates stopped moving.

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Wegener, A., 1920, Die entstehung der kontinente und ozeane: Рипол Классик. Lithos is Greek for stone, and the lithosphere is the outermost physical layer of the Earth. At Yellowstone, the thick continental plate presents a much more difficult barrier for magma to penetrate. The western spine is part of a volcanic arc. The continental lithosphere is of lower density and thus more buoyant than the underlying asthenosphere. Since its early inception in the 1950s and 1960s, geologists have been guided by this revolutionary perception of the world. Volcanoes, earthquakes, mountains, and other features of Earth's surface owe their origin to the movements of plates: enormous, slowly-moving sections of Earth's crust. Activity B: Colliding Continents.

The change in direction has been more often linked to a plate reconfiguration, but also to other things like plume migration. Exam (elaborations). Both oceanic and continental plates can contain volcanic arcs. Benioff, H., 1949, Seismic evidence for the fault origin of oceanic deeps: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 60, no. Our editors will review what you've submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He used true edges of the continents, based on the shapes of the continental shelves. One of the biggest flaws in his hypothesis was an inability to provide a mechanism for how the continents moved. Sketch: Draw a side view of the plate boundary before and after the plate motion. Kearey, P., Klepeis, K. A., and Vine, F. J., 2009, Global Tectonics: Oxford; Chichester, West Sussex; Hoboken, NJ, Wiley-Blackwell, 496 p. - Le Pichon, X., 1968, Sea-floor spreading and continental drift: J. In places where the continental plates are very thick, they reflect so much heat back into the mantle it develops strong convection currents that push super-heated mantle material up against the overlying plate, softening it.

These seams with little or no tectonic activity are called failed rift arms. 2 for an explanation). You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. Called the Mohorovičić Discontinuity, or Moho for short, this zone was discovered by Andrija Mohorovičić (pronounced mo-ho-ro-vee-cheech; audio pronunciation) in 1909 after studying earthquake wave paths in his native Croatia.