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I think that might be true. Engaging with various interpreters and followers of Bohr, I argue that the correct account of quantum frames must be extended beyond literal space-time reference frames to frames defined by relations between a quantum system and the exosystem or external physical frame, of which measurement contexts are a particularly important example. I don't think my conception of progress would differ that materially from some kind of average aggregate over any other group of people in the country.

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And certainly, in the case of space, you know, like, it doesn't have to be this way other. Things we write can go viral and be seen by 5 million people all of a sudden. Their point is, being a doctor is too hard now. And it's on my mind, in part because when I try to think about progress, when I try to think about what inventions and innovations are coming really quickly, I actually see a bunch here. So if in 2037 we are enormously impressed and struck by the discontinuity there, that would not shock me. And the thing that would kind of have to be true — for the per-capita impact, we remain in constant — is we'd have to be discovering much more important things in the latter half of the 20th century in order to compensate for, to make it worthwhile, for us to be investing this 50-fold greater effort. But as recently as 1970 in Ireland, we were willing to put a 29-year-old — I mean, that's a person meaningfully younger than me in charge of the project of overseeing the creation of a major new research institution. P - Best Business Books - UF Business Library at University of Florida. He wouldn't claim that. And if it is not the case that people in the U. or people in any country — if they either feel like things aren't progressing, or if they feel like maybe somewhere distant from them, things are progressing but they personally will never be able to benefit from it, I think we put ourselves in a very dangerous and likely unstable equilibrium.

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I think a lot of people locate a takeoff in human living standards — it continues to this day — there. And so there's kind of a combinatorial benefit, where discoveries over here or discoveries over there might unlock opportunities and major breakthroughs in areas that we could not have foreseen in advance. But you talk to people who work on pharmaceuticals and just clinical trials. "There" is a very geographically contiguous spot. And he, through Mercatus and through Emergent Ventures, had some experience of very efficient and somewhat-scaled grant-giving. Enabling these ambitious young people who are willing to contemplate spending multiple decades in pursuit of some ambitious and idiosyncratic vision. Because I want to believe, as you do, that we can double the rate of scientific advance, maybe even go further than that. And so as a kind of first-order empirical matter, we can just notice, huh, this really seems to matter — and then, the example you just gave of the divergence between Switzerland and Italy. To circle back to the initial thrust of your question, though, I think it's at least possible that the internet is bad for civic discourse. Most of his work was misunderstood during his lifetime, and his music was largely ignored — and sometimes banned — for more than 30 years after his death. She and My Granddad by David Huddle | The Writer's Almanac with Garrison Keillor. So I think it's certainly true that the crisis can cause the discontinuous shifts that have large effects, which in your example, say, are probably super beneficial. And so as a consequence of that, I worry a lot about, how do we simply make sure that — or one of the small things we each individually can do to try to make sure that society is generating enough economic gain and enough broadly experienced welfare gain that the whole compact can be maintained? The other thing is if you believe these cultures matter, weirdly, as big as we're getting, the internet allows a certain disciplines culture to stretch boundaries and borders in time in a way that it would have been harder. So again, I don't want to give Fast Grants too much credit.

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I worry a little bit about how much we seem to need the threat of another to accelerate things. Nevertheless, they're popular among readers and also prize committees: He's been awarded two Pulitzers, two National Book Awards, and several others. In the early days of the pandemic — well, I should preface all of this by saying — well, I'll reaffirm my preface that I don't know, to every question. He really believes it might have not happened. Anyway, they wrote a blog post about how they built this, and they describe how it was built by one guy over the course of a couple of weeks. PATRICK COLLISON: I don't know that I've super non-consensus answers. But one of the things that I really take from his work, that sits in my head, is he believes it's all very contingent. The point is not that nobody studied human progress before this or worried about the pace of scientific research. That's not a great book in the sense that you don't read it — you don't find it to be a vivid, compelling page-turner. Mixing by Sonia Herrero, Isaac Jones and Carole Sabouraud. German physicist with an eponymous law nytimes.com. Every Tuesday and Friday, Ezra Klein invites you into a conversation about something that matters, like today's episode with Patrick Collison. The results of the experiments with atomic cascade are shown not to contradict the local realism. There are now multiple companies with large language models. And I want to have people hold in their heads that idea that progress is very narrow, that it is a very narrow bridge that we have walked on for a very short period of time.

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Collison has written a few influential essays here, with the economist Tyler Cowen. I'm not saying it is, but it's certainly in the realm of plausibility — and that perhaps both things are true, where there's some kind of iceberg where there are these enormous welfare gains that are not that legible, not that visible, lie beneath the surface, and then certain of the most visible manifestations, like what we see on cable news or what we see written in the papers — perhaps that is worse, and perhaps, slightly more structural judiciousness would be desirable there. It's hard for me to say. I don't know any who will not complain to you for hours. I worry a lot about the basic stability of a society that does not successfully generate and make sufficiently broadly accessible the benefits of economic growth. And it wasn't till later you had changes in redistribution in labor unions and labor protections that the amount of material prosperity that was generating created more broad-based prosperity, particularly at a very high level. And most of them have just been made, so what you have now is more complicated, smaller, requires much larger teams of people, much more complicated experiments, with much more infrastructure. I first outline Penrose's Objective Reduction (OR) version of quantum wave function collapse, and then the biological connection to microscopic brain structures and subjective states that Hameroff developed from Penrose's theory. PATRICK COLLISON: Well, I don't know that I would claim to put forth some kind of definitive definition. German physicist with an eponymous law not support inline. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. I think he was 32 when he was appointed president of the University of Chicago.

And I think that was bad for Darpa. PATRICK COLLISON: I think institutions, the cultures they instill and act as kind of coordination points and training sites for — those of enormous consequence — I think much of the success of the U. and of various other Western countries has, in substantial part, been attributable to successful institutions. Home - Economics Books: A Core Collection - UF Business Library at University of Florida. EZRA KLEIN: And she beat you. And then it all depends on what people are interested in and all the rest. I very highly recommend it. Various people were doing things right off the bat in various different places, but we just personally knew of lots of specific examples of really good scientists who were unable to make progress of their work to the extent that they would like.

He had roles in movies and musical theater throughout the 1920s, and by the '30s he had made a name for himself as a leading man in romantic comedies, a kind of Italian Cary Grant. And I take one of the main concerns of yours, of progress studies, as being around institutional slowdown. In Universal Man, noted biographer and historian Richard Davenport-Hines revives our understanding of John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), the twentieth century's most charismatic and revolutionary economist. Tell me about the idea of the internet as a frontier of last resort. If the grant goes wrong, if not enough of the grants pay out into useful research. I mean, literally, the word, improvement, in this broader societal context, came from word, "translated, " at the beginning of the 17th century. It really does seem to me that differences in the mind-set and in the culture are where you have to net out. Now, these ideas are not original to Collison.