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This is the issue that led the trial judge to state he had an issue of first impression on his hands: "[t]ypically the doctrine of equitable estoppel is applied where a signatory has sued both another signatory and certain non-signatories on identical claims.... [¶] But what happens if the other party to the contract is not also a party to the case, and never was? " A's argument that the other parties "artificially internationalised" the proceedings by including company V is also of interest. When a non-party to a contract receives benefit from the agreement directly, this is known as an intentional beneficiary. Although the signing occurred in connection with establishing the investment account, neither the broker nor the brokerage firm was a party or signatory to this agreement. Even if we were to deem the contractual language to be ambiguous, the extrinsic evidence offered here does not support defendant's contention. A creditor is a person whom a debt is owed by the promisee and paid by the promisor. James Otis Rodner, Angelica Marcano, "Jurisdiction of the Arbitral Tribunal in the Case of Multiple Contracts. " In its opinion, the Florida Supreme Court emphasized that the third-party beneficiary doctrine provides that under certain circumstances, a person may sue to enforce a contract even though the person is not a party to the contract; it does not enable two parties to bind a third person without the third person's agreement merely by conferring a benefit on the third person. The reorganization was governed by two main agreements concluded by and between the Partners exclusively, namely a Memorandum of Agreement and Memorandum of Replication (the "Agreements"), both of which contained a similar arbitration clause. The third party beneficiary's entitlement to rely on the arbitration clause is inherently linked to its entitlement to claim performance in its own right.

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Florida Power and Light Co. v. Road Rock, Inc., 920 So. In general, only parties to an agreement containing an arbitration provision can compel or be subject to arbitration. See Restatement (Third) of Agency § 1. But whatever the functional relationships, they were not enough for defendants to compel arbitration based on theories of equitable estoppel, agency, or third party beneficiary. The wider question of the automatic extension of the arbitration clause, regardless of the third party's express consent thereto, remains, however, controversial: Some authors endorse the theory of the automatic extension as per law8, whilst other consider that the third party's further consent is required9. The beneficiary may get named in a contract to have contractual rights, but it is not necessary for them to be identifiable at the time the contract is formed. 248 () (successor introducing broker cannot enforce arbitration provision in agreement between customer and clearing broker where introducing broker's relationship with customer did not exist at time agreement was executed). In terms of appellate practice, one interesting aspect is the amount of time it took the case to work its way through the review process. An incidental beneficiary is a third party who benefits from a contract between two other parties, but it is not intended that the third-party benefit. Such an intent to benefit a third party must be apparent from the construction of the contract in light of all surrounding circumstances, and the intent of the parties is the key inquiry when determining whether a nonsignatory is a third-party beneficiary entitled to enforce the agreement.

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11 Salmon, Godsman & Nicholson, P. C., P. Randolph Nicholson, Englewood, for Plaintiff-Appellee. SC14-1349 (Fla. Sept. 22, 2016). Comer v. Micor, Inc., 436 F. 3d 1098, 1101 (9th Cir. In fact, the Customer Agreement contains an entire subsection, Section 7(h), entitled "Third-Party Beneficiary, " which specifies that TiVo, Inc. is a thirdparty beneficiary of the agreement. Promisor and promise are free to subject the right they stipulate in favor of a third party to conditions, including the condition that the third party submit to the arbitration clause for disputes in connection with the third party beneficiary right. Eychner v. Van Vleet, 870 P. 2d 486 (). Thus, under California law, Plaintiffs are not equitably estopped from litigating their claims against Best Buy. "); Alvarez v. Felker Mfg. See Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp., 460 U. Because Uncle Pete has relied on Ed's promise to you to his detriment, he is vested as a beneficiary. Interpretation of a contract is generally a question of law. Lafferty & Co., supra; E. B. Roberts Construction Co. v. Concrete Contractors, Inc., 704 P. 2d 859 (Colo. 1985). Thus, we conclude that Best Buy is not entitled to enforce the arbitration agreement as a third-party beneficiary.

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It is the latest in a series of decisions that deal with the privity of arbitration clause principle and its exceptions (see also: DFT 134 III 565, 129 III 727 and 4A_44/2001 (see Legal update, Third party beneficiaries entitled to rely on arbitration clause in contract between promisor and promisee)). Incidental third-party beneficiary. Best Buy's argument that it meets this exception is unpersuasive. If company V had not taken part, any challenge to the award would most likely have been submitted to the rules applicable to domestic arbitration, which provide other grounds for challenge than the PILA. A objected to the participation of company V in the proceedings, claiming that the latter was not a party to the Agreement and that the arbitral tribunal therefore had no jurisdiction to hear its claims. In April 2008, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), a foundation based in Switzerland, entered into a contract (CHL Agreement) with the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation (SIHF) and the Swiss Ice Hockey National league GmbH (NL-GmbH) regarding the participation of Swiss ice hockey clubs in the Champions Hockey League (CHL), a European ice hockey tournament. The decision was not unanimous. Based on the principle of privity of contract, the arbitration agreement is, in principle, only binding on the parties to the contract. If the promisor did not perform their promise to benefit the third party, the promisee may sue them for a specific performance. The defendants sought to piggyback on to an arbitration agreement that Ms. Hernandez had entered into with her employer Intelex in order to compel her to arbitrate. However, at the time the agreement was executed, plaintiff's broker was employed by the brokerage firm and defendant had no relationship with either plaintiff or Bear, Stearns & Co.

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As a consequence of the financial crisis, SIHF lost a financial supporter and was not able to fund the prize money for the 2009/2010 and the 2010/2011 CHL tournaments. Detrimentally relies on the promise, or. Crabtree v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 438 So.

Defendant contends that plaintiff's intent to designate it as a third-party beneficiary is evident from the fact that plaintiff received account statements from it for several months prior to plaintiff's execution of the margin agreement. PD Dr. Nathalie Voser (Partner) and Eliane Fischer (Associate), Schellenberg Wittmer (Zurich). Applying Illinois agency law, the court concluded that these elements were satisfied, and accordingly, the court granted Sutherland's motion to compel arbitration. Essentially, this meant that contracts created rights, obligations and liabilities only in the parties who negotiated and signed the contract. The shares of the French credit institution were held through a chain of other companies, at the top of which was company V, which had its seat in the Netherlands. 10 Berger/Kellerhals, International and Domestic Arbitration in Switzerland, 2nd edn 2010, n° 455 and 514; referred in ground 2. Even assuming with A. that V. BV's involvement in the arbitration proceeding had so fundamentally biased the whole process that it justified the annulment of the final award, the Swiss Supreme Court upheld the arbitral tribunal's view that the Agreements provided V. BV with rights which the latter was entitled to enforce (perfect third-party beneficiary contracts as per Swiss Obligations Code ("CO"), Art. Therefore, the term "broker" in the provision quoted above refers to Jesup, Josephthal Securities Co. and Hamm.

3d at 545 (internal alteration and quotation marks omitted). Rather, the nursing home had argued that the third-party beneficiary doctrine was displaced by a statute. Gee-Hong Kim, "Arbitration Agreement's Binding Effect on Non-Signatory, " Journal of Arbitration Studies, Vol. Since an incidental beneficiary is not named in the contract and not intentionally included, they have no rights under the contract and cannot sue for breach of contract. Even assuming that Best Buy "represents [DirecTV]... in dealings with third persons, " Cal. Obviously, if plaintiff was unaware of any relationship between herself and defendant, she could not have intended to benefit defendant merely by signing a margin agreement with a clearing broker.

Kramer, 705 F. 3d at 1128. However, the Second, Fourth and Fifth DCAs took a different view, applying agency principles and holding that a resident was not bound by a contract that he or she did not sign, if the person who signed it did not act on the resident's behalf or lacked the authority to act for the resident. Best Buy bears the burden of proving that it is a thirdparty beneficiary of the Customer Agreement. Although plaintiff received account statements from defendant on occasion, she averred that she never opened an account with defendant, never signed any customer agreements with defendant, and was "unaware of any relationship" she may have had with defendant.

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