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It just means that before a platform spreads your words to millions of people, it has an obligation to verify (perhaps through a third party or nonprofit) that you are a real human being, in a particular country, and are old enough to be using the platform. In a post-Babel democracy, not much may be possible. For techno-democratic optimists, it seemed to be only the beginning of what humanity could do.

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Childhood has become more tightly circumscribed in recent generations––with less opportunity for free, unstructured play; less unsupervised time outside; more time online. Participants in our key institutions began self-censoring to an unhealthy degree, holding back critiques of policies and ideas—even those presented in class by their students—that they believed to be ill-supported or wrong. Second, the dart guns of social media give more power and voice to the political extremes while reducing the power and voice of the moderate majority. What changed in the 2010s? The newly tweaked platforms were almost perfectly designed to bring out our most moralistic and least reflective selves. So what happens when an institution is not well maintained and internal disagreement ceases, either because its people have become ideologically uniform or because they have become afraid to dissent? A widely discussed reform would end this political gamesmanship by having justices serve staggered 18-year terms so that each president makes one appointment every two years. Means of making untraceable social media posts crossword heaven. If we do not make major changes soon, then our institutions, our political system, and our society may collapse during the next major war, pandemic, financial meltdown, or constitutional crisis. English law developed the adversarial system so that biased advocates could present both sides of a case to an impartial jury. A democracy cannot survive if its public squares are places where people fear speaking up and where no stable consensus can be reached. One example of such a reform is to end closed party primaries, replacing them with a single, nonpartisan, open primary from which the top several candidates advance to a general election that also uses ranked-choice voting. The cause is not known, but the timing points to social media as a substantial contributor—the surge began just as the large majority of American teens became daily users of the major platforms. The Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen advocates for simple changes to the architecture of the platforms, rather than for massive and ultimately futile efforts to police all content. "Today, our society has reached another tipping point, " he wrote in a letter to investors.

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Enhanced-virality platforms thereby facilitate massive collective punishment for small or imagined offenses, with real-world consequences, including innocent people losing their jobs and being shamed into suicide. It's more a dart than a bullet, causing pain but no fatalities. Means of making untraceable social media posts crossword. Given China's own advances in AI, we can expect it to become more skillful over the next few years at further dividing America and further uniting China. It has not worked out as he expected.

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In a 2018 interview, Steve Bannon, the former adviser to Donald Trump, said that the way to deal with the media is "to flood the zone with shit. " More generally, to prepare the members of the next generation for post-Babel democracy, perhaps the most important thing we can do is let them out to play. Before 2009, Facebook had given users a simple timeline––a never-ending stream of content generated by their friends and connections, with the newest posts at the top and the oldest ones at the bottom. As I wrote in a 2019 Atlantic article with Tobias Rose-Stockwell, they became more adept at putting on performances and managing their personal brand—activities that might impress others but that do not deepen friendships in the way that a private phone conversation will.

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Many authors quote his comments in "Federalist No. In the Democratic Party, the struggle between the progressive wing and the more moderate factions is open and ongoing, and often the moderates win. The wave of threats delivered to dissenting Republican members of Congress has similarly pushed many of the remaining moderates to quit or go silent, giving us a party ever more divorced from the conservative tradition, constitutional responsibility, and reality. "Like" and "Share" buttons quickly became standard features of most other platforms. Perhaps the biggest single change that would reduce the toxicity of existing platforms would be user verification as a precondition for gaining the algorithmic amplification that social media offers.

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This one change would wipe out most of the hundreds of millions of bots and fake accounts that currently pollute the major platforms. In any case, the growing evidence that social media is damaging democracy is sufficient to warrant greater oversight by a regulatory body, such as the Federal Communications Commission or the Federal Trade Commission. Now, however, artificial intelligence is close to enabling the limitless spread of highly believable disinformation. We see this trend in biological evolution, in the series of "major transitions" through which multicellular organisms first appeared and then developed new symbiotic relationships.

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According to the political scientist Karen Stenner, whose work the "Hidden Tribes" study drew upon, they are psychologically different from the larger group of "traditional conservatives" (19 percent of the population), who emphasize order, decorum, and slow rather than radical change. By 2013, social media had become a new game, with dynamics unlike those in 2008. Every state should follow the lead of Utah, Oklahoma, and Texas and pass a version of the Free-Range Parenting Law that helps assure parents that they will not be investigated for neglect if their 8- or 9-year-old children are spotted playing in a park. But that essay continues on to a less quoted yet equally important insight, about democracy's vulnerability to triviality. Those wars of religion, he argued, made possible the transition to modern nation-states with better-informed citizens. ) The shift was most pronounced in universities, scholarly associations, creative industries, and political organizations at every level (national, state, and local), and it was so pervasive that it established new behavioral norms backed by new policies seemingly overnight. Once social-media platforms had trained users to spend more time performing and less time connecting, the stage was set for the major transformation, which began in 2009: the intensification of viral dynamics. "Politics is the art of the possible, " the German statesman Otto von Bismarck said in 1867. But by rewiring everything in a headlong rush for growth—with a naive conception of human psychology, little understanding of the intricacy of institutions, and no concern for external costs imposed on society—Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and a few other large platforms unwittingly dissolved the mortar of trust, belief in institutions, and shared stories that had held a large and diverse secular democracy together. But the enhanced virality of social media thereafter made it more hazardous to be seen fraternizing with the enemy or even failing to attack the enemy with sufficient vigor. The volume of outrage was shocking. But now China is discovering how much it can do with Twitter and Facebook, for so little money, in its escalating conflict with the U. We must harden democratic institutions so that they can withstand chronic anger and mistrust, reform social media so that it becomes less socially corrosive, and better prepare the next generation for democratic citizenship in this new age. In recent years, Americans have started hundreds of groups and organizations dedicated to building trust and friendship across the political divide, including BridgeUSA, Braver Angels (on whose board I serve), and many others listed at We cannot expect Congress and the tech companies to save us.

Depression makes people less likely to want to engage with new people, ideas, and experiences. But Babel is not a story about tribalism; it's a story about the fragmentation of everything.